There’s been a lot of publicity (aka hype bordering on paranoia, including a recent article in the Toronto Star) about the cat-associated parasite Toxoplasma gondii lately. Cats are the definitive host of this parasite and it can cause serious disease in certain people: in pregnant women who have not been previously exposed to the parasite it can infect the unborn fetus, and it can cause severe illness (including neurological disease) in people with severely compromised immune systems. It’s also been very loosely implicated in various other conditions, but much of the information gets overblown, as there is lack of solid evidence of a role of Toxoplasma in most of these cases. Unfortunately, cats end up getting a bum rap in the process, even though most Toxoplasma infections don’t come directly from cats.
Nonetheless, toxoplasmosis is a potentially devastating disease in some circumstances. and taking measures to reduce exposure to the parasite makes sense. To do this you need to know what makes cats more likely to be infected, so that these factors can be modified. A recent paper in Preventive Veterinary Medicine (Opsteegh et al. 2012) investigated risk factors for cats having antibodies against Toxoplasma. It’s important to note that the presence of antibodies means the cat was exposed at some point and mounted an immune response, not that it’s currently shedding the parasite in its feces. Most cats only shed Toxoplasma in their feces for a very short window of time (a week or two) after initial exposure, and that usually occurs early in life. Therefore, it’s rare for older cats in households to be shedding the parasite.
The research group found 18% of cats they tested had antibodies against Toxoplasma, and they identified a few factors associated with previous Toxoplasma infection:
- Age: Younger cats were less likely to have antibodies. The likelihood of having Toxoplasma antibodies increased steadily from 1-4 years of age.
- Hunting
- Presence of a dog in the house
- Being a former stray
- Feeding raw meat
Most of these make perfect sense and are consistent with other studies. Cats typically get infected by ingesting Toxoplasma cysts found in the muscle of other animals. So, cats that are outside (indoor/outdoor cats, former strays) and hunt, or cats that are fed raw meat are more likely to be exposed. Analysis of the data indicated that hunting contributed the most.
So, while the risk of Toxoplasma infection for the average person is pretty low, some basic management practices can further reduce any risk:
- Keep cats indoors: This greatly reduces the chance they will be exposed to the parasite. It is also good idea for several other reasons.
- Don’t feed cats raw meat: Cooking meat to the recommended temperature and time will kill any encysted parasites – this also helps prevent exposure of people eating the meat (to Toxoplasma and lots of other bacteria).
- Control rodents in the house (not by getting a cat!): Indoor cats can still be exposed to various infectious agents through catching mice. I know it’s not always easy or even possible (my cat still catches the odd indoor critter) but taking measures to reduce the likelihood of this is wise.
Other important preventive measures include:
- Changing the litterbox regularly, especially if a high-risk person has to do it. Toxoplasma oocysts need at least 24-48h in the environment to become infective. If feces are removed daily, they don’t get that chance.
- Clean up any fecal accidents and remove any fecal staining of the haircoat (e.g. poop stuck around the rear end of long-haired cats) promptly, before that 24-48h window expires.
- Wash you hands regularly, especially after contact with the litterbox or any potentially contaminated areas.
- Wash vegetables and cook meat properly. You’re more likely to get Toxoplasma from food than from your cat.
More information about Toxoplasma can be found on the Worms & Germs Resources page.